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10.7. Domain Name Servers (DNS)

The Domain Name Service (DNS) is a fundamental component of the Internet: it maps host names to IP addresses (and vice-versa), which allows the use of www.debian.org instead of 130.89.148.77 or 2001:67c:2564:a119::77.
DNS records are organized in zones; each zone matches either a domain (or a subdomain) or an IP address range (since IP addresses are generally allocated in consecutive ranges). A primary server is authoritative on the contents of a zone; secondary servers, usually hosted on separate machines, provide regularly refreshed copies of the primary zone.
Each zone can contain records of various kinds (Resource Records), these are some of the most common:

10.7.1. DNS software

The reference name server, Bind, was developed and is maintained by ISC (the Internet Software Consortium). It is provided in Debian by the bind9 package. Version 9 brings two major changes compared to previous versions. First, the DNS server can now run under an unprivileged user, so that a security vulnerability in the server does not grant root privileges to the attacker (as was seen repeatedly with versions 8.x).
Furthermore, Bind supports the DNSSEC standard for signing (and therefore authenticating) DNS records, which allows blocking any spoofing of this data during man-in-the-middle attacks.

10.7.2. Configuring bind

Configuration files for bind, irrespective of version, have the same structure.
The Falcot administrators created a primary falcot.com zone to store information related to this domain, and a 168.192.in-addr.arpa zone for reverse mapping of IP addresses in the local networks.
The following configuration excerpts, taken from the Falcot files, can serve as starting points to configure a DNS server:

Example 10.12. Excerpt of /etc/bind/named.conf.local

zone "falcot.com" {
        type master;
        file "/etc/bind/db.falcot.com";
        allow-query { any; };
        allow-transfer {
                195.20.105.149/32 ; // ns0.xname.org
                193.23.158.13/32 ; // ns1.xname.org
        };
};

zone "internal.falcot.com" {
        type master;
        file "/etc/bind/db.internal.falcot.com";
        allow-query { 192.168.0.0/16; };
};

zone "168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
        type master;
        file "/etc/bind/db.192.168";
        allow-query { 192.168.0.0/16; };
};

Example 10.13. Excerpt of /etc/bind/db.falcot.com

; falcot.com Zone 
; admin.falcot.com. => zone contact: admin@falcot.com
$TTL    604800
@       IN      SOA     falcot.com. admin.falcot.com. (
                        20040121        ; Serial
                         604800         ; Refresh
                          86400         ; Retry
                        2419200         ; Expire
                         604800 )       ; Negative Cache TTL
;
; The @ refers to the zone name ("falcot.com" here)
; or to $ORIGIN if that directive has been used
;
@       IN      NS      ns
@       IN      NS      ns0.xname.org.

internal IN      NS      192.168.0.2

@       IN      A       212.94.201.10
@       IN      MX      5 mail
@       IN      MX      10 mail2

ns      IN      A       212.94.201.10
mail    IN      A       212.94.201.10
mail2   IN      A       212.94.201.11
www     IN      A       212.94.201.11

dns     IN      CNAME   ns

Example 10.14. Excerpt of /etc/bind/db.192.168

; Reverse zone for 192.168.0.0/16
; admin.falcot.com. => zone contact: admin@falcot.com
$TTL    604800
@       IN      SOA     ns.internal.falcot.com. admin.falcot.com. (
                        20040121        ; Serial
                         604800         ; Refresh
                          86400         ; Retry
                        2419200         ; Expire
                         604800 )       ; Negative Cache TTL

        IN      NS      ns.internal.falcot.com.

; 192.168.0.1 -> arrakis
1.0     IN      PTR     arrakis.internal.falcot.com.
; 192.168.0.2 -> neptune
2.0     IN      PTR     neptune.internal.falcot.com.

; 192.168.3.1 -> pau
1.3     IN      PTR     pau.internal.falcot.com.