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6.7. Mise à jour d'une distribution à la suivante

Un des éléments les plus marquants de Debian est sa capacité à mettre à jour un système d'une distribution stable vers la suivante (le fameux dist-upgrade, qui a contribué à la réputation du projet). Avec un peu d'attention, on peut ainsi migrer un ordinateur en quelques minutes ou dizaines de minutes, selon la rapidité d'accès aux sources de paquets.

6.7.1. Démarche à suivre

Comme le système Debian a le temps d'évoluer entre deux versions stables, on prendra soin de lire, avant d'entreprendre la mise à jour, les notes de publication.
In this section, we will focus on upgrading a Stretch system to Buster. This is a major operation on a system; as such, it is never 100% risk-free, and should not be attempted before all important data has been backed up.
Pour faciliter (et raccourcir) la mise à jour, il est également recommandé de faire un peu de nettoyage dans les paquets installés, pour ne garder que ceux qui sont réellement nécessaires. Pour cela, on mettra à profit les fonctions d'apt-get, éventuellement en conjonction avec deborphan et debfoster (voir Section 6.2.7, « Suivi des paquets installés automatiquement »). On pourra par exemple utiliser la commande suivante :
# deborphan | xargs aptitude --schedule-only remove
Now for the upgrading itself. First, you need to change the /etc/apt/sources.list file to tell APT to get its packages from Buster instead of Stretch. If the file only contains references to Stable rather than explicit codenames, the change isn't even required, since Stable always refers to the latest released version of Debian. In both cases, the database of available packages must be refreshed (with the apt update command or the refresh button in synaptic).
Une fois que ces nouvelles sources de paquets sont déclarées, la première chose à faire est une mise à jour minimale avec apt upgrade. Cette mise à jour en deux temps facilite la tâche des outils de gestion de paquets ; en particulier, cela assure que ces outils eux-mêmes sont dans leur dernière version et qu'ils disposent donc de correctifs et d'améliorations qui peuvent s'avérer nécessaires lors de la mise à jour complète de la distribution.
Once this first upgrade is done, it is time to handle the upgrade itself, either with apt full-upgrade, aptitude, or synaptic. You should carefully check the suggested actions before applying them: you might want to add suggested packages or deselect packages which are only recommended and known not to be useful. In any case, the front-end should come up with a scenario ending in a coherent and up-to-date Buster system. Then, all you need is to do is wait while the required packages are downloaded, answer the debconf questions and possibly those about locally modified configuration files, and sit back while APT does its magic.

6.7.2. Gérer les problèmes consécutifs à une mise à jour

Malgré tous les efforts des mainteneurs Debian, une mise à jour majeure du système d'exploitation cause parfois quelques soucis. Les nouvelles versions de certains logiciels sont parfois incompatibles avec les précédentes (évolution d'un format de données, comportement par défaut qui diffère, etc.). En outre, certains bogues passent inaperçus malgré la période de test précédant la publication d'une nouvelle version.
Pour anticiper les problèmes liés aux évolutions des logiciels mis à jour, il est utile d'installer le paquet apt-listchanges. Il affichera, au début d'une mise à jour de paquet, des informations relatives aux embarras possibles. Ces informations sont rédigées par les mainteneurs de paquets à l'intention des utilisateurs et placées dans des fichiers /usr/share/doc/paquet/NEWS.Debian et en tenir compte évitera toute mauvaise surprise.
You might sometimes find that the new version of a software doesn't work at all. This generally happens if the application isn't particularly popular and hasn't been tested enough; a last-minute update can also introduce regressions which are only found after the stable release. In both cases, the first thing to do is to have a look at the bug tracking system at https://bugs.debian.org/package, and check whether the problem has already been reported. If this is case, it will be also listed before the upgrade begins, if you have apt-listbugs installed. If it hasn't, you should report it yourself with reportbug. If it is already known, the bug report and the associated messages are usually an excellent source of information related to the bug:
  • On peut y découvrir l'existence d'un correctif qui permet alors de recompiler localement une version corrigée du paquet Debian (voir Section 15.1, « Recompiler un paquet depuis ses sources »);
  • Parfois, d'autres utilisateurs ont trouvé un moyen de contourner le problème et partagent leur expérience dans l'historique du bogue;
  • Enfin un paquet corrigé peut avoir été préparé par le mainteneur et être disponible en téléchargement.
Depending on the severity of the bug, a new version of the package may be prepared specifically for a new revision of the stable release. When this happens, the fixed package is made available in the proposed-updates section of the Debian mirrors (see Section 6.1.2.3, « Mises à jour proposées »). The corresponding entry can then be temporarily added to the sources.list file, and updated packages can be installed with apt or aptitude.
Sometimes the fixed package isn't available in this section yet because it is pending a validation by the Stable Release Managers. You can verify if that is the case on their web page. Packages listed there aren't available yet, but at least you know that the publication process is ongoing.

6.7.3. Cleaning Up after an Upgrade

APT usually ensures a clean upgrade, pulling in new and updated dependencies, or removing conflicting packages. But even being such a great tool, it cannot cover all tasks users and administrators will face after an upgrade, because they require a human decision.

6.7.3.1. Packages removed from the Debian Archive

Sometimes the Debian FTP Masters remove packages from the Debian archive, because they contain release critical bugs, were abandoned by their upstream author or their package maintainer, or simply reached their end of life. In this case a newer Debian release does not ship the package anymore. To find all packages, which do not have a package source, use the apt-show-versions command:
$ apt-show-versions | grep "No available version"
A similar result can be achieved by aptitude search ~o. If the packages found are not required anymore, they should be purged from the system, because they will not face any updates for critical or security related bugs anymore.

6.7.3.2. Dummy and Transitional Packages

Sometimes, it might be necessary for a package to get a new name. In this case often the old package is kept as an (almost) empty package, depending on the new one and installing only the mandatory files in /usr/share/doc/package/. Such packages are called "dummy" or "transitional" packages. If the package maintainer in charge also changed the section of this package to oldlibs, then tools like aptitude, deboprhan, or debfoster (see sidebar ALTERNATIVE deborphan et debfoster) can pickup these packages to suggest their removal.
Unfortunately there is currently no foolproof way of making sure that these packages are automatically removed or picked by the tools mentioned above. One way to check if the system still has some of these packages installed, is to look through the package descriptions of installed packages and then check the results. Be careful not to schedule the results for automatic removal, because this method can lead to false positives:
$ dpkg -l | grep ^ii | grep -i -E "(transition|dummy)"
Because the new package is pulled in as a dependency of the transitional package, it is usually marked as automatically installed and might be scheduled for removal if you try to purge the transitional package from your system. In this case you can use either of the approaches described in sidebar ASTUCE Supprimer et installer en même temps and Section 6.2.7, « Suivi des paquets installés automatiquement » to selectively remove the transitional package.

6.7.3.3. Old or Unused Configuration Files

If the upgrade was successful there might be some configuration file cruft, either from dpkg (see Section 5.2.3, « Sommes de contrôle, liste des fichiers de configuration »), ucf or from removed packages. The latter can be purged by using apt autoremove --purge. The configuration files that were handled by dpkg or ucf during the upgrade process have left some counterparts with a dedicated suffix (e.g. .dpkg-dist, .dpkg-old, .ucf-old). Using the find or locate command can help to track them down. If they are no longer of any use, they can be deleted.

6.7.3.4. Files not owned by any Package

The Debian policy enforces that packages don't leave files behind when they are purged. Violating this principle is a serious bug and you will rarely encounter it. If you do, report it; and if you are curious though, you can use the cruft or cruft-ng package to check your system for files not owned by any package.