Product SiteDocumentation Site

6.6. Vérification d'authenticité des paquets

Étant donné l'importance qu'accordent les administrateurs de Falcot SA à la sécurité, ils veulent s'assurer de n'installer que des paquets garantis provenant de Debian et non altérés en cours de route. En effet, un pirate pourrait tenter d'agir indirectement sur des machines en modifiant un paquet Debian diffusé afin d'y ajouter les instructions de son choix. Si un paquet ainsi modifié est installé, ces instructions agiront, par exemple afin de dérober les mots de passe. C'est pourquoi Debian offre un moyen de s'assurer que le paquet installé provient bien de son mainteneur et qu'il n'a subi aucune modification par un tiers : il existe un mécanisme de scellement des paquets.
The seal works with a chain of cryptographic hashes and a signature and is explained in detail in apt-secure(8). Starting with Debian 10 Buster the signed file is the InRelease file, provided by the Debian mirrors. There is also a legacy file called Release. Both contain a list of the Packages files (including their compressed forms, Packages.gz and Packages.xz, and the incremental versions), along with their SHA256 hashes, which ensures that the files haven't been tampered with. These Packages files contain a list of the Debian packages available on the mirror, along with their hashes, which ensures in turn that the contents of the packages themselves haven't been altered either. The difference between InRelease and Release is that the former is cryptographically signed in-line, whereas the latter provides a detached signature in the form of the file Release.gpg.
APT needs a set of trusted GnuPG public keys to verify signatures in the InRelease and Release.gpg files available on the mirrors. It gets them from files in /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ and from the /etc/apt/trusted.gpg keyring (managed by the apt-key command). The official Debian keys are provided and kept up-to-date by the debian-archive-keyring package which puts them in /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/:
# ls /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/
debian-archive-bullseye-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-bullseye-security-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-bullseye-stable.gpg
debian-archive-buster-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-buster-security-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-buster-stable.gpg
debian-archive-stretch-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-stretch-security-automatic.gpg
debian-archive-stretch-stable.gpg
Once the appropriate keys are in the keyring, APT will check the signatures before any risky operation, so that frontends will display a warning if asked to install a package whose authenticity can't be ascertained.
Notez que les paquets binaires ne sont généralement pas signés. L'intégrité d'un paquet ne peut être confirmée qu'en vérifiant ses sommes de hachage par rapport à une source de hachage fiable (et éventuellement signée).