As a Debian system administrator, you will routinely handle .deb
packages, since they contain consistent functional units (applications, documentation, etc.), whose installation and maintenance they facilitate. It is therefore a good idea to know what they are and how to use them.
This chapter describes the structure and contents of “binary” and “source” packages. The former are .deb
files, directly usable by dpkg
, while the latter contain the source code, as well as instructions for building binary packages.
5.1. Structure of a Binary Package
The Debian package format is designed so that its content may be extracted on any Unix system that has the classic commands ar
, tar
, and gzip
. This seemingly trivial property is important for portability and disaster recovery.
Imagine, for example, that you mistakenly deleted the dpkg
program, and that you could thus no longer install Debian packages. dpkg
being a Debian package itself, it would seem your system would be done for... Fortunately, you know the format of a package and can therefore download the .deb
file of the dpkg package and install it manually (see the “TOOLS” sidebar). If by some misfortune one or more of the programs ar
, tar
or gzip
have disappeared, you will only need to copy the missing program from another system (since each of these operates in a completely autonomous manner, without dependencies, a simple copy will suffice).
Have a look at the content of a .deb
file:
$
ar t dpkg_1.15.8.5_i386.deb
debian-binary
control.tar.gz
data.tar.gz
$
ar x dpkg_1.15.8.5_i386.deb
$
ls
control.tar.gz data.tar.gz debian-binary dpkg_1.15.8.5_i386.deb
$
tar tzf data.tar.gz | head -15
./
./var/
./var/lib/
./var/lib/dpkg/
./var/lib/dpkg/updates/
./var/lib/dpkg/parts/
./var/lib/dpkg/info/
./var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/
./sbin/
./sbin/start-stop-daemon
./usr/
./usr/sbin/
./usr/sbin/install-info
./usr/bin/
./usr/bin/dpkg-split
$
tar tzf control.tar.gz
./
./control
./preinst
./md5sums
./conffiles
./postrm
./postinst
$
cat debian-binary
2.0
As you can see, the ar
archive of a Debian package is comprised of three files:
debian-binary
. This is a text file which simply indicates the version of the .deb
file used (in 2011: version 2.0).
control.tar.gz
. This archive file contains all of the available meta-information. In it, package management tools find, among other things, the name and version of the package. Some of this meta-information allows them to determine if it is possible to install or uninstall it, for example according to the list of packages already on the machine.
data.tar.gz
. This archive contains all of the files to be extracted from the package; this is where the executable files, documentation, etc., are all stored. Some packages may use other compression formats, in which case the file will be named differently (data.tar.bz2
for bzip2, data.tar.xz
for XZ, data.tar.lzma
for LZMA).