tun (for IP-level tunnels) and tap (for Ethernet-level tunnels) interfaces are supported. In practice, tun interfaces will most often be used except when the VPN clients are meant to be integrated into the server's local network by way of an Ethernet bridge.
openssl command; these scripts can be found under /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/easy-rsa/2.0/.
$cp -r /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/easy-rsa/2.0 pki-falcot$cd pki-falcot
vars file, especially those named with a KEY_ prefix; these variables are then integrated into the environment:
$vim vars$grep KEY_ varsexport KEY_CONFIG=`$EASY_RSA/whichopensslcnf $EASY_RSA` export KEY_DIR="$EASY_RSA/keys" echo NOTE: If you run ./clean-all, I will be doing a rm -rf on $KEY_DIR export KEY_SIZE=1024 export KEY_EXPIRE=3650 export KEY_COUNTRY="FR" export KEY_PROVINCE="Loire" export KEY_CITY="Saint-Étienne" export KEY_ORG="Falcot Corp" export KEY_EMAIL="admin@falcot.com" $. ./varsNOTE: If you run ./clean-all, I will be doing a rm -rf on /home/rhertzog/pki-falcot/keys $./clean-all
keys/ca.crt and keys/ca.key during this step):
$./build-caGenerating a 1024 bit RSA private key ..............................................++++++ .......................++++++ writing new private key to 'ca.key' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [FR]: State or Province Name (full name) [Loire]: Locality Name (eg, city) [Saint-Étienne]: Organization Name (eg, company) [Falcot Corp]: Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) [Falcot Corp CA]: Name []: Email Address [admin@falcot.com]:
vpn.falcot.com; this name is re-used for the generated key files (keys/vpn.falcot.com.crt for the public certificate, keys/vpn.falcot.com.keyfor the private key):
$./build-key-server vpn.falcot.comGenerating a 1024 bit RSA private key ...............++++++ ...........++++++ writing new private key to 'vpn.falcot.com.key' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [FR]: State or Province Name (full name) [Loire]: Locality Name (eg, city) [Saint-Étienne]: Organization Name (eg, company) [Falcot Corp]: Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) [vpn.falcot.com]: Name []: Email Address [admin@falcot.com]: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: Using configuration from /home/rhertzog/pki-falcot/openssl.cnf Check that the request matches the signature Signature ok The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows countryName :PRINTABLE:'FR' stateOrProvinceName :PRINTABLE:'Loire' localityName :T61STRING:'Saint-\0xFFFFFFC3\0xFFFFFF89tienne' organizationName :PRINTABLE:'Falcot Corp' commonName :PRINTABLE:'vpn.falcot.com' emailAddress :IA5STRING:'admin@falcot.com' Certificate is to be certified until Oct 9 13:57:42 2020 GMT (3650 days) Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]yWrite out database with 1 new entries Data Base Updated $./build-dhGenerating DH parameters, 1024 bit long safe prime, generator 2 This is going to take a long time ..............+.......+.................................++*++*++*
$./build-key JoeSmithGenerating a 1024 bit RSA private key ................++++++ .............................++++++ writing new private key to 'JoeSmith.key' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [FR]: State or Province Name (full name) [Loire]: Locality Name (eg, city) [Saint-Étienne]: Organization Name (eg, company) [Falcot Corp]: Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) [JoeSmith]:Joe SmithName []: Email Address [admin@falcot.com]:joe@falcot.com[…]
keys/ca.crt) will be stored on all machines (both server and clients) as /etc/ssl/certs/Falcot_CA.crt. The server's certificate is installed only on the server (keys/vpn.falcot.com.crt goes to /etc/ssl/vpn.falcot.com.crt, and keys/vpn.falcot.com.key goes to /etc/ssl/private/vpn.falcot.com.key with restricted permissions so that only the administrator can read it), with the corresponding Diffie-Hellman parameters (keys/dh1024.pem) installed to /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem. Client certificates are installed on the corresponding VPN client in a similar fashion.
/etc/openvpn/*.conf. Setting up a VPN server is therefore a matter of storing a corresponding configuration file in this directory. A good starting point is /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/server.conf.gz, which leads to a rather standard server. Of course, some parameters need to be adapted: ca, cert, key and dh need to describe the selected locations (respectively, /etc/ssl/certs/Falcot_CA.crt, /etc/ssl/vpn.falcot.com.crt, /etc/ssl/private/vpn.falcot.com.key and /etc/openvpn/dh1024.pem). The server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 directive defines the subnet to be used by the VPN; the server uses the first IP address in that range (10.8.0.1) and the rest of the addresses are allocated to clients.
tun0 name. However, firewalls are often configured at the same time as the real network interfaces, which happens before OpenVPN starts. Good practice therefore recommends creating a persistent virtual network interface, and configuring OpenVPN to use this pre-existing interface. This further allows choosing the name for this interface. To this end, openvpn --mktun --dev vpn --dev-type tun creates a virtual network interface named vpn with type tun; this command can easily be integrated in the firewall configuration script, or in an up directive of the /etc/network/interfaces file. The OpenVPN configuration file must also be updated accordingly, with the dev vpn and dev-type tun directives.
10.8.0.1 address. Granting the clients access to the local network (192.168.0.0/24), requires adding a push route 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 directive to the OpenVPN configuration so that VPN clients automatically get a network route telling them that this network is reachable by way of the VPN. Furthermore, machines on the local network also need to be informed that the route to the VPN goes through the VPN server (this automatically works when the VPN server is installed on the gateway). Alternatively, the VPN server can be configured to perform IP masquerading so that connections coming from VPN clients appear as if they are coming from the VPN server instead (see Section 10.1, “Gateway”).
/etc/openvpn/. A standard configuration can be obtained by using /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/client.conf as a starting point. The remote vpn.falcot.com 1194 directive describes the address and port of the OpenVPN server; the ca, cert and key also need to be adapted to describe the locations of the key files.
AUTOSTART directive to none in the /etc/default/openvpn file. Starting or stopping a given VPN connection is always possible with the commands /etc/init.d/openpvn start name and /etc/init.d/openpvn stop name (where the connection name matches the one defined in /etc/openvpn/name.conf).
tun*) on both sides of an SSH connection, and these virtual interfaces can be configured exactly as if they were physical interfaces. The tunneling system must first be enabled by setting PermitTunnel to “yes” in the SSH server configuration file (/etc/ssh/sshd_config). When establishing the SSH connection, the creation of a tunnel must be explicitly requested with the -w any:any option (any can be replaced with the desired tun device number). This requires the user to have administrator privilege on both sides, so as to be able to create the network device (in other words, the connection must be established as root).
/etc/ipsec-tools.conf contains the parameters for IPsec tunnels (or Security Associations, in the IPsec terminology) that the host is concerned with; /etc/init.d/setkey script provides a way to start and stop a tunnel (each tunnel is a secure link to another host connected to the virtual private network). This file can be built by hand from the documentation provided by the setkey(8) manual page. However, explicitly writing the parameters for all hosts in a non-trivial set of machines quickly becomes an arduous task, since the number of tunnels grows fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for IPsec Key Exchange) such as racoon, strongswan or openswan makes the process much simpler by bringing administration together at a central point, and more secure by rotating the keys periodically.
/etc/ppp/options.pptp, /etc/ppp/peers/falcot, /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/falcot, and /etc/ppp/ip-down.d/falcot.
Example 10.2. The /etc/ppp/options.pptp file
# PPP options used for a PPTP connection lock noauth nobsdcomp nodeflate
Example 10.3. The /etc/ppp/peers/falcot file
# vpn.falcot.com is the PPTP server pty "pptp vpn.falcot.com --nolaunchpppd" # the connection will identify as the "vpn" user user vpn remotename pptp # encryption is needed require-mppe-128 file /etc/ppp/options.pptp ipparam falcot
Example 10.4. The /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/falcot file
# Create the route to the Falcot network if [ "$6" = "falcot" ]; then # 192.168.0.0/24 is the (remote) Falcot network route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev $1 fi
Example 10.5. The /etc/ppp/ip-down.d/falcot file
# Delete the route to the Falcot network if [ "$6" = "falcot" ]; then # 192.168.0.0/24 is the (remote) Falcot network route del -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev $1 fi
pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux. Its main configuration file, /etc/pptpd.conf, requires very few changes: localip (local IP address) and remoteip (remote IP address). In the example below, the PPTP server always uses the 192.168.0.199 address, and PPTP clients receive IP addresses from 192.168.0.200 to 192.168.0.250.
Example 10.6. The /etc/pptpd.conf file
# TAG: speed # # Specifies the speed for the PPP daemon to talk at. # speed 115200 # TAG: option # # Specifies the location of the PPP options file. # By default PPP looks in '/etc/ppp/options' # option /etc/ppp/pptpd-options # TAG: debug # # Turns on (more) debugging to syslog # # debug # TAG: localip # TAG: remoteip # # Specifies the local and remote IP address ranges. # # You can specify single IP addresses separated by commas or you can # specify ranges, or both. For example: # # 192.168.0.234,192.168.0.245-249,192.168.0.254 # # IMPORTANT RESTRICTIONS: # # 1. No spaces are permitted between commas or within addresses. # # 2. If you give more IP addresses than MAX_CONNECTIONS, it will # start at the beginning of the list and go until it gets # MAX_CONNECTIONS IPs. Others will be ignored. # # 3. No shortcuts in ranges! ie. 234-8 does not mean 234 to 238, # you must type 234-238 if you mean this. # # 4. If you give a single localIP, that's ok - all local IPs will # be set to the given one. You MUST still give at least one remote # IP for each simultaneous client. # #localip 192.168.0.234-238,192.168.0.245 #remoteip 192.168.1.234-238,192.168.1.245 #localip 10.0.1.1 #remoteip 10.0.1.2-100 localip 192.168.0.199 remoteip 192.168.0.200-250
/etc/ppp/pptpd-options. The important parameters are the server name (pptp), the domain name (falcot.com), and the IP addresses for DNS and WINS servers.
Example 10.7. The /etc/ppp/pptpd-options file
## turn pppd syslog debugging on #debug ## change 'servername' to whatever you specify as your server name in chap-secrets name pptp ## change the domainname to your local domain domain falcot.com ## these are reasonable defaults for WinXXXX clients ## for the security related settings # The Debian pppd package now supports both MSCHAP and MPPE, so enable them # here. Please note that the kernel support for MPPE must also be present! auth require-chap require-mschap require-mschap-v2 require-mppe-128 ## Fill in your addresses ms-dns 192.168.0.1 ms-wins 192.168.0.1 ## Fill in your netmask netmask 255.255.255.0 ## some defaults nodefaultroute proxyarp lock
vpn user (and the associated password) in the /etc/ppp/chap-secrets file. Contrary to other instances where an asterisk (*) would work, the server name must be filled explicitly here. Furthermore, Windows PPTP clients identify themselves under the DOMAIN\\USERFALCOT\\vpn user. It is also possible to specify individual IP addresses for users; an asterisk in this field specifies that dynamic addressing should be used.
Example 10.8. The /etc/ppp/chap-secrets file
# Secrets for authentication using CHAP # client server secret IP addresses vpn pptp f@Lc3au * FALCOT\\vpn pptp f@Lc3au *