dpkg is the base command for handling Debian packages on the system. If you have .deb packages, it is dpkg that allows installation or analysis of their contents. But this program only has a partial view of the Debian universe: it knows what is installed on the system, and whatever it is given on the command line, but knows nothing of the other available packages. As such, it will fail if a dependency is not met. Tools such as apt and aptitude, on the contrary, will create a list of dependencies to install everything as automatically as possible.
dpkg 是安裝 Debian 已經可用套件的工具 (因為不需下載任何東西)。我們使用它的 -i 或 --install 選項。
範例 5.2. 以 dpkg 安裝套件
#dpkg -i man-db_2.9.4-2_amd64.deb(Reading database ... 227466 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack man-db_2.9.4-2_amd64.deb ... Unpacking man-db (2.9.4-2) over (2.8.5-2) ... Setting up man-db (2.9.4-2) ... Updating database of manual pages ... man-db.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it. Processing triggers for mailcap (3.69) ...
dpkg; we know, thus, at what point any error may have occurred. The installation can also be effected in two stages: first unpacking, then configuration. apt takes advantage of this, limiting the number of calls to dpkg (since each call is costly, due to loading of the database in memory, especially the list of already installed files).
範例 5.3. 分開解壓與組態
#dpkg --unpack man-db_2.9.4-2_amd64.deb(Reading database ... 227466 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack man-db_2.9.4-2_amd64.deb ... Unpacking man-db (2.9.4-2) over (2.9.4-2) ... Processing triggers for mailcap (3.69) ... #dpkg --configure man-dbSetting up man-db (2.9.4-2) ... Updating database of manual pages ... man-db.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
dpkg 安裝套件時偶而失敗並送回錯誤的訊息；若使用者要求忽略該等訊息，就能送出警示；這就是 --force-* 選項的用途。dpkg --force-help 命令，或此命令的文件，將提供完整的選項。最常發生的錯誤，遲早每個人都會碰到，就是檔案衝突。已被其他套件安裝使用的檔案，另個套件同時需要用到它時，dpkg 會於安裝時再次使手它。此時出現以下的訊息：
Unpacking libgdm (from .../libgdm_3.8.3-2_amd64.deb) ...
dpkg: 處理 /var/cache/apt/archives/libgdm_3.8.3-2_amd64.deb (--unpack) 時發生錯誤:
試圖覆寫 '/usr/bin/gdmflexiserver'，也同時在套件 gdm3 3.4.1-9 內--force-overwrite，告訴 dpkg 忽略此錯誤並覆寫該檔案。
--force-* options, only --force-overwrite is likely to be used regularly. These options only exist for exceptional situations, rarely encountered in Debian Stable. It is better to leave them alone as much as possible in order to respect the rules imposed by the packaging mechanism. Do not forget, these rules ensure the consistency and stability of your system.
dpkg with the -r or --remove option, followed by the name of a package, removes that package. This removal is, however, not complete: all of the configuration files, maintainer scripts, log files (system logs) and other user data handled by the package remain. That way disabling the program is easily done by uninstalling it, and it is still possible to quickly reinstall it with the same configuration. To completely remove everything associated with a package, use the -P or --purge option, followed by the package name.
dpkg options that query the internal database in order to obtain information. Giving first the long options and then corresponding short options (that will evidently take the same possible arguments) we cite
--listfiles package (or -L), which lists the files installed by this package;
--search file (or -S), which finds the package(s) containing the file;
--status package (or -s), which displays the headers of an installed package;
--list (or -l), which displays the list of packages known to the system and their installation status;
--contents file.deb (or -c), which lists the files in the Debian package specified;
--info file.deb (or -I), which displays the headers of this Debian package.
範例 5.5. dpkg 的各種查詢
$dpkg -L base-passwd/. /usr /usr/sbin /usr/sbin/update-passwd /usr/share /usr/share/base-passwd /usr/share/base-passwd/group.master /usr/share/base-passwd/passwd.master /usr/share/doc /usr/share/doc/base-passwd /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/README /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/changelog.gz /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/copyright /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz /usr/share/doc-base /usr/share/doc-base/users-and-groups /usr/share/lintian /usr/share/lintian/overrides /usr/share/lintian/overrides/base-passwd /usr/share/man /usr/share/man/de /usr/share/man/de/man8 /usr/share/man/de/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/es /usr/share/man/es/man8 /usr/share/man/es/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/fr /usr/share/man/fr/man8 /usr/share/man/fr/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/ja /usr/share/man/ja/man8 /usr/share/man/ja/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/man8 /usr/share/man/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/pl /usr/share/man/pl/man8 /usr/share/man/pl/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/ru /usr/share/man/ru/man8 /usr/share/man/ru/man8/update-passwd.8.gz $dpkg -S /bin/datecoreutils: /bin/date $dpkg -s coreutilsPackage: coreutils Essential: yes Status: install ok installed Priority: required Section: utils Installed-Size: 17478 Maintainer: Michael Stone <mstone@debian.org> Architecture: amd64 Multi-Arch: foreign Source: coreutils (8.32-4) Version: 8.32-4+b1 Pre-Depends: libacl1 (>= 2.2.23), libattr1 (>= 1:2.4.44), libc6 (>= 2.28), libgmp10, libselinux1 (>= 3.1~) Description: GNU core utilities This package contains the basic file, shell and text manipulation utilities which are expected to exist on every operating system. . Specifically, this package includes: arch base64 basename cat chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp csplit cut date dd df dir dircolors dirname du echo env expand expr factor false flock fmt fold groups head hostid id install join link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc numfmt od paste pathchk pinky pr printenv printf ptx pwd readlink realpath rm rmdir runcon sha*sum seq shred sleep sort split stat stty sum sync tac tail tee test timeout touch tr true truncate tsort tty uname unexpand uniq unlink users vdir wc who whoami yes Homepage: http://gnu.org/software/coreutils $dpkg -l 'b*'Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold | Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) ||/ Name Version Architecture Description +++-==========================-==============-============-================================== un backupninja <none> <none> (no description available) un backuppc <none> <none> (no description available) ii baloo-kf5 5.78.0-3 amd64 framework for searching and manag> un balsa <none> <none> (no description available) ii baobab 3.38.0-1 amd64 GNOME disk usage analyzer un base <none> <none> (no description available) un base-config <none> <none> (no description available) ii base-files 11.1 amd64 Debian base system miscellaneous > ii base-passwd 3.5.51 amd64 Debian base system master passwor> ii bash 5.1-2+b1 amd64 GNU Bourne Again SHell [..] $dpkg -c /var/cache/apt/archives/bash_5.1-3+b1_amd64.debdrwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2021-07-25 20:43 ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2021-07-25 20:43 ./bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root 1234376 2021-07-25 20:43 ./bin/bash drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2021-07-25 20:43 ./etc/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 1994 2021-07-25 20:43 ./etc/bash.bashrc drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2021-07-25 20:43 ./etc/skel/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 220 2021-07-25 20:43 ./etc/skel/.bash_logout -rw-r--r-- root/root 3526 2021-07-25 20:43 ./etc/skel/.bashrc -rw-r--r-- root/root 807 2021-07-25 20:43 ./etc/skel/.profile drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2021-07-25 20:43 ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2021-07-25 20:43 ./usr/bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root 6759 2021-07-25 20:43 ./usr/bin/bashbug -rwxr-xr-x root/root 14648 2021-07-25 20:43 ./usr/bin/clear_console drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2021-07-25 20:43 ./usr/share/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2021-07-25 20:43 ./usr/share/doc/ [..] $dpkg -I /var/cache/apt/archives/bash_5.1-3+b1_amd64.debnew Debian package, version 2.0. size 1416600 bytes: control archive=7256 bytes. 77 bytes, 4 lines conffiles 1030 bytes, 27 lines control 4511 bytes, 64 lines md5sums 603 bytes, 31 lines * postinst #!/bin/bash 500 bytes, 25 lines * postrm #!/bin/sh 14536 bytes, 33 lines * preinst 289 bytes, 22 lines * prerm #!/bin/bash Package: bash Source: bash (5.1-3) Version: 5.1-3+b1 Architecture: amd64 Essential: yes Maintainer: Matthias Klose <doko@debian.org> Installed-Size: 6470 Pre-Depends: libc6 (>= 2.25), libtinfo6 (>= 6) Depends: base-files (>= 2.1.12), debianutils (>= 2.15) Recommends: bash-completion (>= 20060301-0) Suggests: bash-doc Conflicts: bash-completion (<< 20060301-0) Replaces: bash-completion (<< 20060301-0), bash-doc (<= 2.05-1) Section: shells Priority: required Multi-Arch: foreign Homepage: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashtop.html Description: GNU Bourne Again SHell Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh). . Bash is ultimately intended to be a conformant implementation of the IEEE POSIX Shell and Tools specification (IEEE Working Group 1003.2). . The Programmable Completion Code, by Ian Macdonald, is now found in the bash-completion package.
dpkg 把所有的交易記錄存在名為 /var/log/dpkg.log 的日誌檔。這個日誌檔的內容頗為詳盡且囉唆，記錄套件被 dpkg 處理的每個程序。追蹤 dpkg 的每個作為之外，日誌檔還保留系統發展的記錄：可以覆查每個套件的安裝與移除步驟，對於瞭解最近的變動極有幫助。此外，還記錄所有的版本，可以交互檢查 changelog.Debian.gz 的內容，查看有問題的套件或線上的錯誤報告。
Architecture 欄位。其內容為 “all” (表示該套件不受架構限制) 或指出其適用的架構 (如 “amd64”、“armhf”、…)。以後例而言，主機的架構符合後，dpkg 才開始安裝該套件，並送回 dpkg --print-architecture。
dpkg 的多架構支授允許使用者限制 “怪異的架構” 安裝在現行的系統上。以下例的 dpkg --add-architecture 就能做到。有個對應的 dpkg --remove-architecture 指令可以除去怪異的架構，不過祗發生於無套件可用時。
#dpkg --print-architectureamd64 #dpkg --print-foreign-architectures#dpkg -i gcc-9-base_9.3.0-22_armhf.debdpkg: error processing archive gcc-9-base_9.3.0-22_armhf.deb (--install): package architecture (armhf) does not match system (amd64) Errors were encountered while processing: gcc-9-base_9.3.0-22_armhf.deb #dpkg --add-architecture armhf#dpkg --add-architecture armel#dpkg --print-foreign-architecturesarmhf armel #dpkg -i gcc-9-base_9.3.0-22_armhf.deb(Reading database ... 456367 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack gcc-9-base_9.3.0-22_armhf.deb ... Unpacking gcc-9-base:armhf (9.3.0-22) ... Setting up gcc-9-base:armhf (9.3.0-22) ... #dpkg --remove-architecture armhfdpkg: error: cannot remove architecture 'armhf' currently in use by the database #dpkg --remove-architecture armel#dpkg --print-foreign-architecturesarmhf
Multi-Arch: same” header field to tell the packaging system that the various architectures of the package can be safely co-installed (and that those packages can only satisfy dependencies of packages of the same architecture). The most important libraries have been converted since the introduction of multi-arch in Debian 7 Wheezy, but there are many libraries that will likely never be converted unless someone specifically requests it (through a bug report for example).
$dpkg -s gcc-9-basedpkg-query: error: --status needs a valid package name but 'gcc-9-base' is not: ambiguous package name 'gcc-9-base' with more than one installed instance Use --help for help about querying packages. $dpkg -s gcc-9-base:amd64 gcc-9-base:armhf | grep ^MultiMulti-Arch: same Multi-Arch: same $dpkg -L libgcc-s1:amd64 |grep .so/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 $dpkg -S /usr/share/doc/gcc-9-base/copyrightgcc-9-base:amd64, gcc-9-base:armhf: /usr/share/doc/gcc-9-base/copyright
Multi-Arch: same 套件的名稱必須符合其架構才能被明確的指認出來。也可能以相同的套件在其他情況下共享檔案；共享時，dpkg 確認所有套件的每個位元都相同。最後但不是最不重要，套件的所有實例必須使用相同的版本。也必須一起更新。
Multi-Arch: foreign” 或宣告其匹配架構的相依性 (在這種相依性解決過程中，假設架構獨立的套件與主機不同)。相依性可能被弱化以允許納入其他架構，以 套件:any 語法，但怪異套件祗需滿足一個相依性，如果標示為 “Multi-Arch: allowed”。