5.3. 原始套件的結構

5.3.1. 格式

A source package is usually comprised of three files, a .dsc, a .orig.tar.gz, and a .debian.tar.xz (or .diff.gz). They allow creation of binary packages (.deb files described above) from the source code files of the program, which are written in a programming language.

.dsc (Debian Source Control) 檔案是包括 RFC 2822 標頭 (如同 control 檔案於節 5.2.1, “描述：control 檔案”) 的簡短文字檔，描述原始套件及包括的其他檔案。由維護者簽署，保證其真實性。詳情見節 6.6, “檢查套件真偽”。

範例 5.1. A .dsc 檔案

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA512

Format: 3.0 (quilt)
Source: zim
Binary: zim
Architecture: all
Version: 0.73.5-1
Maintainer: Zim Package Maintainers <zim@packages.debian.org>
Uploaders: Raphaël Hertzog <hertzog@debian.org>
Homepage: https://zim-wiki.org
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/zim
Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/zim.git
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13), python3, python3-gi, python3-xdg, gir1.2-gtk-3.0, dh-python
Package-List:
 zim deb x11 optional arch=all
Checksums-Sha1:
 80d43d5c1c6a47c695079eb02bc8ad36b84d6e57 2159901 zim_0.73.5.orig.tar.gz
 b1cd86dc4819a80126efbf6ee6eba17a33f451d3 10124 zim_0.73.5-1.debian.tar.xz
Checksums-Sha256:
 a36f15d92c3994c0d55b07f83253b3d8b826beb3714865edbabc14f1cc91d63a 2159901 zim_0.73.5.orig.tar.gz
 6c2db642d9ac1c2440ed08e0cd584006045b342b255f37ffe42bd5459fb5cb76 10124 zim_0.73.5-1.debian.tar.xz
Files:
 fa76ceb8ac7d7354fb0e2bc5607e9faa 2159901 zim_0.73.5.orig.tar.gz
 a0c824d979efb196cde0176d3cb9c719 10124 zim_0.73.5-1.debian.tar.xz

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
Comment: Signed by Raphael Hertzog

iQEzBAEBCgAdFiEE1823g1EQnhJ1LsbSA4gdq+vCmrkFAmAa3ooACgkQA4gdq+vC
mrkq1gf/cs7irmbCSDrADVqsqYBrFJ1FyprE3jiHLNs0OQLryhFj9tzDuilX35VE
HkCfxSaKkzgvQLYtpuw1VBfhOdngTdHO39U6eljkaScnfLWU8Z5n/q+YeedxItoY
X3TtzMexFmb4WJqlylfjbXeqbLdYvsILQ3NVnE48AzkaBQlCC2d9bqecZhWiKfzq
gNxIDVDDhqCXMPe7QCErCBiFPUVpGN7b+6QWN0RxOTLZdj/slRD73rT++VmY+xN1
L8BSLcjXie+ES11MhQNYaLpCv2vqImlZaxkFWvsKBo9ndRFSbE3/RNK479a4KGve
KrdpGUJXy9uLPuAMyn5WphwXJ7OZXQ==
=YFDk
-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

需注意原始套件和可執行套件一樣有相依性 (Build-Depends)，指出編譯有問題軟體與建構其可執行套件的工具。

文化為什麼分為多個套件

通常，一個原始套件 (供指定軟體使用) 可產生多個可執行檔。因為可以在不同的環境使用 (部份) 軟體。在共享程式庫裡，可以安裝於構成應用作用 (如，libc6)、或可以安裝以構成新的程式 (libc6-dev 然後形成正確的套件)。在主從服務裡發現同樣的邏輯，在一部機器安裝伺服器的內容同時在另部機器安裝客戶端的內容 (在此情況下，是 openssh-server 與 openssh-client)。

Just as frequently, the documentation is provided in a dedicated package: the user may install it independently from the software, and may at any time choose to remove it to save disk space. Additionally, this also saves disk space on the Debian mirrors, since the documentation package will be shared among all of the architectures (instead of having the documentation duplicated in the packages for each architecture).

透視原始套件的不同格式

本來祗有一種原始套件的格式。就是 1.0 格式，與 .orig.tar.gz 和 .diff.gz “debian 化” 套件有關 (還有一個變種，由一個 .tar.gz 檔案構成，若無 .orig.tar.gz 可用時自動取用它)。

Since Debian 6 Squeeze, Debian developers have the option to use new formats that correct many problems of the historical format. Format 3.0 (quilt) can combine multiple upstream archives in the same source package: in addition to the usual .orig.tar.gz, supplementary .orig-component.tar.gz archives can be included. This is useful with software that is distributed in several upstream components but for which a single source package is desired. These archives can also be compressed with xz rather than gzip, which saves disk space and network resources. Finally, the monolithic patch, .diff.gz is replaced by a .debian.tar.xz archive containing the compiling instructions and a set of upstream patches contributed by the package maintainer. These last are recorded in a format compatible with quilt — a tool that facilitates the management of a series of patches.

.orig.tar.gz 檔案包括原發展者提供的原始碼。要求 Debian 的套件維護者不要修改它，以便檢查原來的檔案與整合後的檔案 (比較校驗碼就知道) 並且尊重其他著者的意願。

The .debian.tar.xz contains all of the modifications made by the Debian maintainer, especially the addition of a debian directory containing the instructions to execute to construct one or more Debian binary packages.

工具解壓縮原始套件

使用原始套件時，您可使用 dpkg-source 指令 (從 dpkg-dev 套件取得) 解壓縮它：

$ dpkg-source -x zim_0.73.5-1.dsc
dpkg-source: info: extracting zim in zim-0.73.5
dpkg-source: info: unpacking zim_0.73.5.orig.tar.gz
dpkg-source: info: unpacking zim_0.73.5-1.debian.tar.xz

You can also use apt to download a source package and unpack it right away. It requires that the appropriate deb-src lines be present in the /etc/apt/sources.list file, however (for further details, see 節 6.1, “寫入 sources.list 檔案”). These are used to list the “sources” of source packages (meaning the servers on which a group of source packages are hosted).

$ apt source package

Reading package lists... Done
NOTICE: 'zim' packaging is maintained in the 'Git' version control system at:
https://salsa.debian.org/debian/zim.git
Please use:
git clone https://salsa.debian.org/debian/zim.git
to retrieve the latest (possibly unreleased) updates to the package.
Need to get 2,172 kB of source archives.
Get:1 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main zim 0.73.5-1 (dsc) [1,580 B]
Get:2 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main zim 0.73.5-1 (tar) [2,160 kB]
Get:3 https://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye/main zim 0.73.5-1 (diff) [10.1 kB]
Fetched 2,172 kB in 0s (7,176 kB/s)
dpkg-source: info: extracting zim in zim-0.73.5
dpkg-source: info: unpacking zim_0.73.5.orig.tar.gz
dpkg-source: info: unpacking zim_0.73.5-1.debian.tar.xz

5.3.2. Debian 內的使用

The source package is the foundation of everything in Debian. All Debian packages come from a source package, and each modification in a Debian package is the consequence of a modification made to the source package. The Debian maintainers work with the source package, knowing, however, the consequences of their actions on the binary packages. The fruits of their labors are thus found in the source packages available from Debian: you can easily go back to them and everything stems from them. 章 15, 建立一個套裝軟體 contains some examples.

When a new version of a source package arrives on the Debian server, it will then be used by a network of machines of different architectures for compilation on the various architectures supported by Debian.

→ https://buildd.debian.org/