sources.list
aptitude
, apt-get
, dan apt
apt-cache
apt-file
Commandaptitude
, synaptic
/etc/apt/sources.list
will list the different repositories that publish Debian packages. APT will then import the list of packages published by each of these sources. This operation is achieved by downloading Packages.xz
files or a variant such as Packages.gz
or .bz2
(using a different compression method) in case of a source of binary packages and by analyzing their contents. In case of a source of source packages, APT downloads Sources.xz
files or a variant using a different compression method. When an old copy of these files is already present, APT can update it by only downloading the differences (see sidebar TIP Incremental updates).
/etc/apt/sources.list
file represents a package source (repository) and is made of at least three parts separated by spaces. For a complete description of the file format and the accepted entry compositions see sources.list(5).
Contoh 6.1. Example entry format in /etc/apt/sources.list
deb url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX deb-src url distribution component1 component2 component3 [..] componentX
deb
deb-src
Packages.xz
files, it must give a full and valid URL. This can consist in a Debian mirror or in any other package archive set up by a third party. The URL can start with file://
to indicate a local source installed in the system's file hierarchy, with http://
or https://
to indicate a source accessible from a web server, or with ftp://
or ftps://
for a source available on an FTP server. The URL can also start with cdrom:
for CD-ROM/DVD/Blu-ray disc based installations, although this is less frequent, since network-based installation methods are eventually more common.
./
” which refers to the absence of a subdirectory. The packages are then directly at the specified URL. But in the most common case, the repositories will be structured like a Debian mirror, with multiple distributions, each having multiple components. In those cases, name the chosen distribution by its “codename” — see the list in sidebar KOMUNITAS Bruce Perens, seorang pemimpin kontroversial — or by the corresponding “suite” (oldstable
, stable
, testing
, unstable
) and then the components to enable. A typical Debian mirror provides the components main
, contrib
, and non-free
.
cdrom
menjelaskan CD/DVD-ROM yang Anda miliki. Berlawanan dengan entri lainnya, CD-ROM tidak selalu tersedia karena harus dimasukkan ke drive dan hanya satu cakram yang dapat dibaca pada satu waktu. Untuk alasan tersebut, sumber ini diatur dalam cara yang sangat berbeda, dan perlu ditambahkan dengan program apt-cdrom
, biasanya dieksekusi dengan parameter add
. Kemudian akan meminta agar cakram dimasukkan ke dalam drive dan akan menjelajah isinya mencari berkas Packates
. Menggunakan berkas tersebut untuk memerbarui basisdatanya dari paket yang tersedia (operasi ini biasanya dilakukan dengan perintah apt update
). Dari itu, APT dapat meminta cakram untuk dimasukkan jika memerlukan salah satu paketnya.
sources.list
untuk sistem menjalankan versi Debian Stable:
Contoh 6.2. Berkas /etc/apt/sources.list
untuk pengguna Debian Stable
# Security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ buster/updates main contrib non-free ## Debian mirror # Base repository deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib non-free # Stable updates deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free # Stable backports deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main contrib non-free
stable
, stable-updates
, stable-backports
) because we don't want to have the underlying distribution changed outside of our control when the next stable release comes out.
sources.list
akan digunakan. Untuk alasan ini, sumber tak-resmi biasanya ditambahkan di akhir berkas.
security.debian.org
, a small set of machines maintained by the Debian System Administrators. This archive contains security updates prepared by the Debian Security Team and/or by package maintainers for the Stable and Oldstable distribution.
Debian Security Advisory
(DSA) and announces it together with the security update on the debian-security-announce@lists.debian.org
mailing list (archive).
proposed-updates
repository, carefully selected by the Stable Release Managers. All updates are announced on the debian-stable-announce@lists.debian.org
mailing list (archive) and will be included in the next Stable point release anyway.
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates main contrib non-free
proposed-updates
merupakan di mana pembaharuan yang diharapkan dipersiapkan (di bawah supervisi Manajer Rilis Stable).
buster-proposed-updates
alias which is both more explicit and more consistent since stretch-proposed-updates
also exists (for the Oldstable updates):
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian buster-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
stable-backports
menghost “backport paket”. Istilah tersebut mengacu pada paket beberapa perangkat lunak terkini yang telah dokompilasi untuk distribusi lama, umumnya untuk Stable.
stable-backports
are only created from packages available in Testing. This ensures that all installed backports will be upgradable to the corresponding stable version once the next stable release of Debian is available.
APT
will not install them unless you give explicit instructions to do so (or unless you have already done so with a former version of the given backport):
$
sudo apt-get install package/buster-backports
$
sudo apt-get install -t buster-backports package
sources.list
untuk sistem yang menjalankan versi Debian Testing atau Unstable:
Contoh 6.3. Berkas /etc/apt/sources.list
untuk pengguna Debian Testing/Unstable
# Unstable deb https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free # Testing deb https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian testing main contrib non-free # Testing security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing-security main contrib non-free # Stable deb https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free deb-src https://deb.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free # Stable security updates deb http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://security.debian.org/ stable/updates main contrib non-free
sources.list
file APT will install packages from the Unstable suite. If that is not desired, use the APT::Default-Release
setting (see Bagian 6.2.3, “Pembaharuan Sistem”) to instruct APT to pick packages from another suite (most likely Testing in this case).
sources.list
APT tidak membawa ke penggunaan sistematis paketnya. Baris yang ditambahkan ialah:
deb https://deb.debian.org/debian experimental main contrib non-free
sources.list
examples in this chapter refer to package repositories hosted on deb.debian.org
. Those URLs will redirect you to servers which are close to you and which are managed by Content Delivery Networks (CDN) whose main role is to store multiple copies of the files across the world, and to deliver them as fast as possible to users. The CDN companies that Debian is working with are Debian partners who are offering their services freely to Debian. While none of those servers are under direct control of Debian, the fact that the whole archive is sealed by GPG signatures makes it a non-issue.
deb.debian.org
can try to find a better mirror in the official mirror list:
ftp.country-code.debian.org
(e.g. ftp.us.debian.org
for the USA, ftp.fr.debian.org
for France, etc.) which are covering many countries and which are pointing to one (or more) of the best mirrors available within that country.
deb.debian.org
, there used to be httpredir.debian.org
. This service would identify a mirror close to you (among the list of official mirrors, using GeoIP mainly) and would redirect APT's requests to that mirror. This service has been deprecated due to reliability concerns and now httpredir.debian.org
provides the same CDN-based service as deb.debian.org
.
mentors.debian.net
site is interesting (although it only provides source packages), since it gathers packages created by candidates to the status of official Debian developer or by volunteers who wish to create Debian packages without going through that process of integration. These packages are made available without any guarantee regarding their quality; make sure that you check their origin and integrity and then test them before you consider using them in production.
sources.list
milik APT tidak diubah, namun APT dikonfigurasi untuk menggunakannya sebagai proxy permintaan keluar.
/etc/approx/approx.conf
:
# <name> <repository-base-url> debian https://deb.debian.org/debian security http://security.debian.org
sources.list
file to point to the approx server:
# Sample sources.list pointing to a local approx server deb http://localhost:9999/security buster/updates main contrib non-free deb http://localhost:9999/debian buster main contrib non-free